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Tanka in English
The composition and translation of tanka in English begins at the end of the nineteenth century in England and the United States. Translations into English of classic Japanese tanka (traditionally known as ''waka'') date back at least to the 1865 translation of the classic ''Ogura Hyakunin Isshu'' (c. early 13th century); an early publication of originally English tanka dates to 1899. In the United States, the publication of tanka in Japanese and in English translation acquires extra impetus after World War II, and is followed by a rise of the genre's popularity among native speakers of English.
==Etymology and form==
In the time of the ''Man'yōshū'' (compiled after 759 AD), the term ''tanka'' was used to distinguish "short poems" from the longer . In the ninth and tenth centuries, however, notably with the compilation of the ''Kokin Wakashū'', the short poem became the dominant form of poetry in Japan, and the originally general word became the standard name for this form.〔Keene, Donald. ''A History of Japanese Literature: Volume 1''. NY: Columbia University Press, 1999. p98, 164. ISBN 978-0-231-11441-7〕 Japanese poet and critic Masaoka Shiki revived the term ''tanka'' in the early twentieth century as part of his tanka modernization project, similar to his revision of the term ''haiku''.
Tanka consist of five units (often treated as separate lines when romanized or translated) usually with a pattern of onji of 5-7-5-7-7. The group of the first three, 5-7-5, is called the ''kami-no-ku'' ("upper phrase"), and the second, 7-7, is called the ''shimo-no-ku'' ("lower phrase"). In English, the units are often rendered as lines and indeed some modern Japanese poets have printed them as such; Hiroaki Sato notes that such lineation is not representative of the Japanese, where mono-linear units are the norm, and Mark Morris comments that tanka and other forms are "packed" by "Anglophone scholars...into a limited repertoire of rectilinear containers".
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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